# Lexin Legal — Law & Consultancy

> Istanbul law firm for foreign businesses and individuals — commercial, corporate and debt recovery first, plus real estate, citizenship, family and dispute work under Turkish law.

Founding partners: **Onur Çalışıcı** and **Oruç Aygün** (Istanbul Bar Association). Based in Kağıthane, Istanbul; acting for clients across 30+ countries. Legal services are provided in **English and Turkish**; for French, Russian, Chinese and Japanese speakers we correspond in that language and arrange a paid interpreter for meetings or hearings when needed. Transparent fixed fees, a senior lawyer on every file, a reply usually within one business day.

## Key facts
- Istanbul Bar Association — founding partners Onur Çalışıcı and Oruç Aygün
- Acts only for foreign businesses and individuals; clients across 30+ countries; 1,900+ matters handled
- Languages: legal service in English & Turkish; Russian, Chinese & Japanese correspondence + a paid interpreter for meetings/hearings
- Transparent fixed fees; a senior lawyer on every file; a reply usually within one business day
- Remote-friendly: most matters handled under a notarised/apostilled power of attorney — clients rarely need to travel to Türkiye
- Core strengths: debt recovery & enforcement (İİK takip), commercial & contract (TBK/TTK), corporate & M&A, company formation, real estate, citizenship by investment, family & inheritance, and recognition/enforcement of foreign judgments & arbitral awards (MÖHUK 5718, New York Convention)

## Practice areas
- [Commercial & Contract Law](https://lexinlegal.com/services/commercial-contract-law/)
- [Corporate & M&A](https://lexinlegal.com/services/corporate-ma/)
- [Debt Collection & Enforcement](https://lexinlegal.com/services/debt-collection-enforcement/)
- [Company Formation](https://lexinlegal.com/services/company-formation/)
- [Real Estate](https://lexinlegal.com/services/real-estate/)
- [Turkish Citizenship by Investment](https://lexinlegal.com/services/turkish-citizenship-by-investment/)
- [Residence Permit & Immigration](https://lexinlegal.com/services/residence-permit-immigration/)
- [Divorce & Family Law](https://lexinlegal.com/services/divorce-family-law/)
- [Criminal Defense](https://lexinlegal.com/services/criminal-defense/)
- [Medical Malpractice](https://lexinlegal.com/services/medical-malpractice/)
- [Inheritance & Succession](https://lexinlegal.com/services/inheritance/)
- [Deportation & Entry Ban](https://lexinlegal.com/services/deportation-entry-ban/)
- [Sports Law](https://lexinlegal.com/services/sports-law/)
- [Employment & Labour Law](https://lexinlegal.com/services/employment-labour-law/)
- [Intellectual Property](https://lexinlegal.com/services/intellectual-property/)
- [Competition & Antitrust](https://lexinlegal.com/services/competition-antitrust/)
- [Arbitration & Dispute Resolution](https://lexinlegal.com/services/arbitration-dispute-resolution/)
- [Tax Law](https://lexinlegal.com/services/tax-law/)
- [Banking, Finance & Fintech](https://lexinlegal.com/services/banking-finance/)
- [Crypto & Blockchain Law](https://lexinlegal.com/services/crypto-blockchain-law/)
- [Maritime & Transport Law](https://lexinlegal.com/services/maritime-transport-law/)
- [Energy & Natural Resources](https://lexinlegal.com/services/energy-natural-resources/)
- [Construction & Zoning](https://lexinlegal.com/services/construction-zoning-law/)
- [Capital Markets & Investment Funds](https://lexinlegal.com/services/capital-markets-funds/)
- [Customs & International Trade](https://lexinlegal.com/services/customs-international-trade/)
- [Technology, AI & Cybersecurity](https://lexinlegal.com/services/technology-ai-cybersecurity/)
- [Data Protection & KVKK](https://lexinlegal.com/services/data-protection-kvkk/)
- [Independent Property Due Diligence](https://lexinlegal.com/services/independent-property-due-diligence/)
- [Recognition & Enforcement of Foreign Judgments](https://lexinlegal.com/services/recognition-enforcement-foreign-judgments/)
- [Road Traffic Accident Compensation](https://lexinlegal.com/services/road-traffic-accident-compensation/)

## Guides and articles
Full index: https://lexinlegal.com/blog/

### Arbitration & Disputes
- [Arbitrating at ISTAC: A Foreign Business Guide to the Istanbul Arbitration Centre](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/arbitrating-at-istac-istanbul-arbitration-centre-foreign-business-guide/)
- [Arbitration in Türkiye: A Guide for Foreign Businesses](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/arbitration-in-turkiye-guide-for-foreign-businesses/)
- [Challenging an Arbitral Award in Türkiye: The Set-Aside Action](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/challenging-arbitral-award-turkiye-set-aside/)
- [Drafting an Arbitration Clause for a Turkish Contract: A Practical Guide for Foreign Businesses](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/drafting-an-arbitration-clause-for-a-turkish-contract/)
- [Enforcing a Foreign Court Judgment in Türkiye: How Tenfiz Works and What You Must Prove](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/enforcing-a-foreign-court-judgment-in-turkiye-tenfiz/)
- [Enforcing a Foreign Arbitral Award in Türkiye Under the New York Convention](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/enforcing-foreign-arbitral-award-in-turkiye-new-york-convention/)
- [International Arbitration vs. Turkish Court Litigation: Which Should a Foreign Business Choose?](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/international-arbitration-vs-turkish-court-litigation-for-foreign-business/)

### Banking & Finance
- [Banking & Finance Law in Türkiye: A Practical Guide for Foreign Businesses](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/banking-and-finance-law-in-turkey-guide-for-foreign-businesses/)
- [Loan & Credit Agreements in Türkiye for Foreign Borrowers and Lenders](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/loan-and-credit-agreements-in-turkey-foreign-borrowers/)
- [Opening a Corporate Bank Account in Türkiye as a Foreign-Owned Company](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/opening-a-corporate-bank-account-in-turkey-foreign-companies/)
- [Repatriating Profits and Dividends from Türkiye to a Foreign Parent](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/repatriating-profits-dividends-turkey-foreign-parent/)

### Capital Markets
- [Capital Markets Law in Türkiye: What Foreign Investors Need to Know](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/capital-markets-law-in-turkey-overview-for-foreign-investors/)
- [Investment Funds in Türkiye: Types, Regulation and Foreign-Investor Access](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/investment-funds-in-turkey-types-and-regulation/)
- [Public Offerings and IPOs in Türkiye: The SPK Approval Path](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/public-offerings-and-ipos-in-turkey-the-spk-process/)
- [Setting Up a Venture Capital Fund (GSYF) in Türkiye (Turkey)](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/venture-capital-fund-gsyf-turkey-setup-foreign-investors/)

### Citizenship
- [Acquiring Turkish Citizenship Through Investment: A Legal Guide for Foreigners](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/acquiring-turkish-citizenship-through-investment-legal-insights/)
- [How to Acquire Turkish Citizenship: All Routes for Foreigners](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/acquisition-of-turkish-citizenship-ways-to-obtain-citizenship/)
- [Turkish Citizenship by Bank Deposit: A Comprehensive 2026 Guide for Foreigners](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/turkish-citizenship-by-bank-deposit-a-comprehensive-guide/)

### Commercial Law
- [Breach of Contract and Remedies in Türkiye: What Your Options Are When the Other Side Fails to Perform](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/breach-of-contract-remedies-turkiye/)
- [Commercial Contracts in Türkiye: A Guide for Foreign Businesses](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/commercial-contracts-in-turkiye-guide-for-foreign-businesses/)
- [Distribution, Agency and Franchise Agreements in Türkiye: A Foreign Supplier's Guide](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/distribution-agency-franchise-agreements-turkiye/)
- [Force Majeure and Hardship in Turkish Contracts: When Are You Excused?](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/force-majeure-and-hardship-in-turkish-contracts/)
- [Franchising in Türkiye: A Foreign Franchisor's Legal Framework](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/franchising-in-turkey-legal-framework-foreign-franchisors/)
- [Choosing Governing Law and Jurisdiction in a Turkish Commercial Contract: A Guide for Foreign Businesses](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/governing-law-and-jurisdiction-in-turkish-commercial-contracts/)
- [Penalty Clauses and Liquidated Damages in Turkish Contracts: A Practical Guide for Foreign Businesses](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/penalty-clauses-liquidated-damages-turkish-contracts/)
- [Resolving Commercial Contract Disputes in Türkiye: Litigation, Mediation and Arbitration](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/resolving-commercial-contract-disputes-in-turkiye/)
- [Letter of Credit vs Advance Payment: Securing Payment in Türkiye (Turkey) Trade](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/securing-payment-turkish-trade-letters-of-credit-advance/)

### Company & Corporate
- [Corporate Authorship Rights in Turkey: Can a Company Own Copyright?](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/a-comprehensive-legal-analysis-of-corporate-authorship-rights/)
- [Buying a Business in Turkey (Türkiye): Share Deal or Asset Deal](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/buying-a-business-in-turkey-share-deal-vs-asset-deal/)
- [Convertible Investments in Turkey: A Guide to Convertible Notes, Loans and SAFEs for Foreign Investors](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/convertible-investments-in-turkey/)
- [Directors' Duties and Personal Liability in a Turkish Company: A Foreign Director's Guide](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/directors-duties-personal-liability-turkish-company-foreign-guide/)
- [How to Verify a Turkish Supplier Before You Pay](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/due-diligence-on-a-turkish-company-us-guide/)
- [Company Formation in Turkey: A Guide for Foreign Investors](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/establishing-a-business-in-turkey-guide-for-foreign-investors/)
- [Establishing a Free Zone Company in Turkey: A Guide for Foreign Investors](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/establishing-a-freezone-company-in-turkey/)
- [Sole Proprietorship vs Limited Liability Company in Turkey: Which Should a Foreigner Choose?](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/individual-companies-vs-limited-liability-companies-ltds/)
- [Legal Considerations for US Entrepreneurs Setting Up in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/legal-considerations-for-us-entrepreneurs-for-turkey/)
- [Liquidating or Closing a Turkish Company: The Correct Exit Process](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/liquidating-closing-a-turkish-company-exit-process/)
- [Merger Control in Turkey: Filing Thresholds for Foreign Acquirers (2026)](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/merger-control-in-turkey-filing-thresholds-for-foreign-acquirers/)
- [The Mandatory Lawyer Requirement for Joint Stock Companies in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/obligation-to-have-a-lawyer-in-joint-stock-companies-in-turkey/)
- [Shareholders' Agreement Essentials for a Turkish Joint Venture with Foreign Partners](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/shareholders-agreement-turkish-joint-venture-foreign-partners/)
- [Smart Contracts and Turkish Law: A Practical Guide for Foreign Businesses](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/smart-contracts-and-the-legal-profession/)
- [Hiring Employees in Turkey: A Legal Guide to the Recruitment Process](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/the-comprehensive-guide-to-the-recruitment-process-in-turkey/)
- [GDPR and KVKK for Turkish Companies: Navigating Dual Compliance](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/the-impact-of-gdpr-on-turkish-companies-navigating-compliance/)
- [Turkey as Your Bridge to the EU: A Guide for Chinese Companies Using the EU-Turkey Customs Union](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/turkey-eu-customs-union-guide-chinese-companies/)
- [Turkish Competition Law: A Compliance Guide for Foreign Companies](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/turkish-competition-law-compliance-guide-for-foreign-companies/)
- [Technology Development Zones in Turkey: A Foreign Investor's Guide to Technoparks](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/understanding-technology-development-zones-in-turkey/)
- [How to Open a Liaison Office in Turkey: A Guide for Foreign Companies](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/understanding-the-concept-of-liaison-office-in-turkey/)
- [Unfair Competition Law in Turkey: A Guide for Foreign Businesses](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/unfair-competition-law-in-turkey-ensuring-fairness/)
- [How US Entrepreneurs Can Start a Business in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/us-based-entrepreneurs-those-want-to-start-business-in-turkey/)

### Competition
- [Abuse of a Dominant Position in Türkiye: What Foreign Companies Need to Know](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/abuse-of-dominant-position-in-turkiye-guide-for-foreign-companies/)
- [Anticompetitive Agreements and Cartels in Türkiye: What Article 4 Prohibits](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/anticompetitive-agreements-and-cartels-in-turkey/)
- [Competition Fines and the Investigation Process in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/competition-fines-and-investigations-in-turkey-process-for-foreign-companies/)
- [Dawn Raids and Competition Authority Investigations in Türkiye: What to Do](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/dawn-raids-and-competition-authority-investigations-in-turkey/)
- [Leniency in Turkish Competition Law: How a Cartel Participant Can Win Immunity From Fines](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/leniency-turkish-competition-law-immunity-cartel-foreign-companies/)
- [Vertical Agreements and Block Exemptions in Turkish Competition Law](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/vertical-agreements-block-exemptions-turkish-competition-law-foreign-suppliers/)

### Construction & Zoning
- [Construction & Zoning Law in Türkiye: A Practical Guide for Foreign Investors](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/construction-and-zoning-law-in-turkey-guide-for-foreign-investors/)
- [Construction Contracts in Türkiye: Eser Sözleşmesi Explained for Foreign Investors](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/construction-contracts-eser-sozlesmesi-in-turkey/)
- [Construction Contracts and FIDIC Disputes for Foreign Contractors in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/construction-contracts-fidic-disputes-foreign-contractors-turkey/)
- [Flat-for-Land (Kat Karşılığı İnşaat) Agreements in Türkiye: How the Landowner–Developer Swap Really Works](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/flat-for-land-kat-karsiligi-insaat-agreements-in-turkey/)

### Criminal
- [Fraud Crime in Turkish Law: Penalties, Courts and Your Options](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/a-comprehensive-guide-to-fraud-crime-in-turkish-law/)
- [Bad Cheques (Karşılıksız Çek) in Türkiye: What Foreign Businesses Need to Know](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/bad-cheques-karsiliksiz-cek-in-turkiye-foreign-business-guide/)
- [Bribery and Corruption in Türkiye: A Risk Guide for Foreign Companies](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/bribery-and-corruption-in-turkiye-business-exposure/)
- [Cybercrime in Turkey: Law, Penalties, and Cybersecurity Strategies](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/cybercrime-trends-and-cybersecurity-strategies/)
- [Embezzlement and Breach of Trust in Turkish Criminal Law](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/embezzlement-and-breach-of-trust-in-turkish-criminal-law/)
- [Criminal Liability of Company Executives in Turkey: A Guide for Foreign Directors and Managers](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/liabilities-of-company-executives-in-turkish-criminal-law/)
- [Money Laundering and MASAK Compliance in Türkiye: What Foreign Businesses Need to Know](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/money-laundering-and-masak-compliance-in-turkiye/)
- [Tax Evasion and Tax Crimes in Türkiye: What Foreign-Owned Businesses Need to Know](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/tax-evasion-and-tax-crimes-in-turkiye-foreign-business-guide/)
- [The Crime of Official Misconduct Under Turkish Law (TCK Article 257)](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/the-crime-of-official-misconduct-under-turkish-law/)
- [Fintech Sanctions in Turkey: Administrative Fines and Criminal Liability Under Law No. 6493](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/turkeys-fintech-sanctions-administrative-criminal-liability/)
- [Unlicensed Investment Services in Türkiye: the offence people do not know exists](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/unlicensed-investment-services-turkey-criminal-exposure/)

### Crypto & Fintech
- [Crypto Laws in Turkey: A Foreigner's Guide to Licensing, the Payment Ban, MASAK and Tax](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/demystifying-cryptocurrency-laws-in-turkey/)
- [Fintech License in Türkiye (Turkey): Payment Institution and E-Money Applications for Foreign Entrants](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/fintech-license-in-turkey-payment-institution-e-money-guide/)
- [The Regulatory Framework for Crypto Platforms in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/regulatory-framework-for-crypto-platforms-in-turkey/)
- [Turkey Crypto Regulation in 2026: Licensing, Compliance and Tax for Foreign Investors and Platforms](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/turkeys-crypto-asset-regulatory-landscape/)

### Data Protection
- [Cross-Border Data Transfers From Türkiye Under the KVKK: The Post-2024 Regime](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/cross-border-data-transfers-from-turkey-kvkk-after-law-7499/)
- [KVKK Compliance for Foreign Companies in Türkiye: A Practical Guide](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/kvkk-compliance-for-foreign-companies-in-turkiye-guide/)
- [Data Breaches Under Türkiye's KVKK: Notification Duties and Penalties](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/kvkk-data-breach-notification-penalties-turkiye/)
- [KVKK vs GDPR: What Foreign Companies Need to Know](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/kvkk-vs-gdpr-what-foreign-companies-need-to-know/)
- [Lawful Processing of Personal Data Under KVKK: The Legal Bases](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/lawful-processing-of-personal-data-under-kvkk-the-legal-bases/)
- [Responding to Data Subject Requests Under Turkey's KVKK](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/responding-to-data-subject-requests-under-kvkk-turkey/)
- [VERBİS Registration Under KVKK: Who Must Register and How](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/verbis-registration-under-kvkk-who-must-register/)

### Debt, Enforcement & Litigation
- [Debt Collection in Turkey: A Comprehensive Guide for Businesses](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/debt-collection-in-turkey-a-comprehensive-guide-for-businesses/)
- [The Negative Declaratory Action (Menfi Tespit) in Turkey: A Foreigner's Guide to Stopping Enforcement](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/everything-you-need-to-know-about-service-determination-cases-for/)
- [How to Grant a Power of Attorney From Abroad for Use in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/how-can-those-outside-of-turkey-grant-power-of-attorney/)
- [How to Grant a Power of Attorney in Turkey (Guide for Foreigners)](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/how-to-grant-a-power-of-attorney-poa-for-use-in-turkey/)
- [Unjust Enrichment Under Turkish Law: Recovering Money Paid Without Legal Cause](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/legal-analysis-of-unjust-enrichment-under-turkish-law/)
- [Mandatory Mediation in the Dissolution of Co-Ownership (Izale-i Şuyu) in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/mandatory-mediation-in-the-dissolution-of-partnerships/)
- [Partial Lawsuits and Indeterminate Claim Lawsuits in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/partial-lawsuits-and-indeterminate-claims-lawsuits-in-turkey/)
- [Precautionary Attachment in Türkiye: Freezing a Debtor's Assets Before Judgment](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/precautionary-attachment-ihtiyati-haciz-turkey-freezing-debtor-assets/)
- [Turkish Execution Law and Article 21 Notification: How Service of a Payment Order Really Works](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/turkish-execution-law-article-21-and-procedural-strictness/)

### Employment
- [An Employee's Right to Terminate an Employment Contract for Just Cause in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/employee’s-right-to-terminate-an-contract-for-just-cause/)
- [Employment Contracts in Türkiye: A Guide for Foreign Employers](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/employment-contracts-turkiye-foreign-employers-guide/)
- [Hiring Staff in Türkiye as a Foreign Company: Employer Obligations](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/hiring-employees-in-turkey-foreign-company-employer-obligations/)
- [Optimizing Severance Pay in the 2025-2026 Transition in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/optimizing-severance-pay-in-the-2025-2026-transition/)
- [Recent Developments in Turkish Employment Law: Key Updates for Foreign Employers](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/recent-developments-in-turkish-employment-law-key-updates/)
- [Terminating an Employee in Türkiye Lawfully: A Foreign Employer's Guide](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/terminating-an-employee-in-turkey-employer-guide/)
- [Turkish Labour Courts: Scope, Jurisdiction and Procedure](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/turkish-labour-courts-scope-jurisdiction-and-legal-processes/)
- [Unfair Dismissal and Reinstatement (İşe İade) Claims in Türkiye: A Guide for Foreign Employers](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/unfair-dismissal-reinstatement-is-iade-turkey-employers/)
- [Work Permit for Foreign Employees in Türkiye: A Practical Legal Guide](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/work-permit-foreign-employees-turkiye/)

### Energy
- [Turkish Energy and Natural Resources Law: A Guide for Foreign Investors](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/current-place-of-energy-and-natural-resources-law-in-the-world-an/)
- [Turkish Oil & Gas Law: A Foreign Investor Guide](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/energy-oil-gas-2023---a-comprehensive-guide-to-turkish-energy/)
- [Renewable Energy Investment in Türkiye: Licensing and the YEKA Model](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/renewable-energy-investment-turkey-yeka-foreign-investors/)

### Family Law
- [Child Custody, Alimony, and Asset Division in Turkish Divorce Cases](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/child-custody-alimony-and-asset-division-in-turkish-divorce-cases/)
- [Classification of Assets in a Turkish Divorce: Personal vs Acquired Property](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/classification-of-assets-personal-vs-acquired-property/)
- [Divorce Due to Abandonment in Turkey: A Complete Legal Guide](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/divorce-due-to-abandonment-a-comprehensive-legal-guide/)
- [Filing for Divorce in Turkey: A Guide for Foreigners](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/filing-for-divorce-in-turkey-an-expats-perspective/)
- [Property Division in Turkey: Liquidating the Matrimonial Regime](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/introduction-to-property-division-in-turkey/)
- [Pecuniary and Non-Pecuniary Damages in Turkey: A Foreigner's Compensation Guide](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/pecuniary-and-non-pecuniary-damages-a-2025-legal-framework/)
- [Prenuptial Agreements and Marital Property Regimes for Foreign Couples](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/prenuptial-agreements-marital-property-regimes-foreign-couples-turkey/)
- [Recognition of Foreign Divorce Decrees in Turkey: Tanıma and Tenfiz Explained](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/recognition-of-foreign-divorce-decrees-in-turkey-2025-update/)
- [The Critical Timeline: Turkish Marital Property Regimes Before and After 2002](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/the-critical-timeline-legal-regimes-before-and-after-2002/)
- [Grounds for Divorce in Turkey: Special vs General Causes](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/the-grounds-for-divorce-in-turkey-–-special-vs-general-causes/)
- [Financial Claims When You Divide Property in a Turkey Divorce](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/types-of-financial-claims-in-property-liquidation/)

### Foreign Nationals in Turkish Prisons
- [Arrested in Türkiye: The Criminal Process for Foreigners](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/arrested-in-turkey-the-criminal-process-for-foreigners/)
- [Deportation and Entry Ban After a Prison Sentence in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/deportation-and-entry-ban-after-a-prison-sentence-in-turkey/)
- [Lawyer and Consular Rights of a Detainee in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/lawyer-and-consular-rights-of-a-detainee-in-turkey/)
- [Maltepe Prison (3 No'lu L Tipi): A Guide for Families of Foreign Detainees](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/maltepe-prison-foreign-nationals-guide/)
- [Sending Money, Letters and Phone Calls to an Inmate in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/sending-money-letters-and-calls-to-an-inmate-in-turkey/)
- [Transfer to Serve a Turkish Prison Sentence in Your Home Country](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/transfer-to-serve-a-turkish-sentence-in-your-home-country/)
- [Visiting a Relative in a Turkish Prison](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/visiting-a-relative-in-a-turkish-prison/)

### IP & Trademark
- [IP Enforcement in Turkey: Counterfeits, Customs Seizure and Injunctions](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/enforcing-ip-rights-turkiye-counterfeits-customs-injunctions/)
- [Protecting and Preserving Geographical Indications in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/protecting-and-preserving-geographical-signs-indication-in-turkey/)
- [Trademark Law in Turkey: Rights, Protection and Enforcement for Foreign Owners](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/trademark-law-trademark-rights-and-their-legal-implications/)
- [Trademark Registration in Turkey: A Complete Guide for Foreign Businesses](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/turkey-trademark-registration-guide/)

### Immigration
- [Dual Citizenship Between the USA and Turkey: Rules Explained](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/dual-immigration-us-and-turkey-laws-explained/)
- [Family Residence Permit in Türkiye: Bringing Your Spouse and Children](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/family-residence-permit-turkey-spouse-children/)
- [Turkey Entry Bans for Foreigners: How They Work and How to Lift One](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/prohibitions-of-entry-to-turkey-understanding-the-regulations/)
- [Reasons for Deportation of Foreigners in Turkey, Explained](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/reasons-for-deportation-of-foreigners-in-turkey-explained/)
- [Residence Permit in Turkey (İkamet): The Foreigner's Guide to the Current Rules](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/residence-permit-in-turkey-ikamet-new-rules-2023/)
- [Turkey Residence Permit for Chinese Nationals (2026): The Honest Guide After Visa-Free Entry](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/turkey-residence-permit-chinese-nationals-after-visa-free/)
- [Turkey's Restriction Code System for Foreigners: A Complete Analysis](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/turkeys-restriction-code-system-for-foreigners-analysis/)
- [Visa-Free Countries for Turkish Passport Holders: A 2026 Mobility Guide](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/visa-free-countries-for-turkish-passport-holders-explore-world/)
- [What Happens When a Foreigner Is Arrested or Charged in Turkey?](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/what-happens-when-foreigners-commit-crimes-in-turkey/)
- [Work Visa vs Residence Permit in Turkey: Which One Do You Actually Need?](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/work-visa-vs-residence-permit-turkey/)

### Inheritance
- [American Inheriting Property in Turkey: A Guide for US Heirs](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/american-inheriting-property-in-turkey/)
- [Inheritance Collusion in Turkey: Recovering Assets Sold to Evade Heirs](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/inheritance-collusion-recovering-assets-sold-to-evade-heirs/)
- [Inheritance of Shares in a Turkish Limited Liability Company](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/inheritance-of-shares-in-limited-liability-companies/)
- [Inheritance and Transfer Tax in Türkiye: A Guide for Foreign Heirs](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/inheritance-transfer-tax-turkiye-guide-foreign-heirs/)
- [Inheriting Turkish Real Estate as a Foreigner: The Process Step by Step](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/inheriting-turkish-real-estate-as-a-foreigner/)
- [How to Renounce or Reject an Inheritance in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/renouncing-rejecting-inheritance-turkey-foreign-heirs/)
- [Turkish Inheritance Law for Foreigners: Who Inherits and the Forced Share (Saklı Pay)](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/turkish-inheritance-law-foreigners-who-inherits-forced-share/)
- [International Jurisdiction in Turkish Inheritance Law](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/understanding-international-jurisdiction-inheritance-law-turkey/)
- [Wills and Estate Planning in Türkiye for Foreigners](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/wills-estate-planning-turkey-foreigners/)

### Maritime
- [Salvage and Liability in Turkish Maritime Law](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/liability-salvage-in-maritime-law/)
- [Navigating the Seas: A Guide to Turkish Maritime Law](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/navigating-the-seas-a-comprehensive-guide-to-maritime-law/)
- [Turkish Maritime Law: Legal Support for Foreign Shipping Firms](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/navigating-turkish-maritime-law-legal-support-for-shipping-firms/)
- [Registering a Boat or Yacht in Turkey as a Foreigner](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/registering-a-boat-or-yacht-in-turkey-as-a-foreigner/)
- [Shipping Laws and Regulations in Turkey: A Comprehensive Guide for Foreign Owners and Investors](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/shipping-laws-and-regulations-in-turkey-a-comprehensive-guide/)
- [Transport Documents in International Carriage of Goods](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/transport-documents-in-international-carriage-of-goods/)
- [Turkish Maritime Law: An Overview for Foreign Shipowners and Investors](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/turkish-maritime-law-an-overview/)

### Medical & Compensation
- [Compensation for Medical Malpractice in Turkish Public Hospitals](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/compensation-liability-for-medical-malpractice-in-turkish-public/)
- [A Practical Guide to Turkish Healthcare Law for Foreign Patients](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/comprehensive-overview-of-turkish-healthcare-legislation/)
- [The Essential Elements of a Medical Malpractice Claim in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/essential-elements-of-a-winning-medical-malpractice-claim-in-us/)
- [How Is Compensation Calculated in Turkey?](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/how-compensation-is-calculated-in-turkey/)
- [Liability for Medical Malpractice in University Hospitals in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/liability-for-medical-malpractice-in-university-hospitals/)
- [Medical Malpractice Claims in Turkey: An Overview for US and Foreign Patients](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/medical-malpractice-claims-in-turkey-an-overview-for-us-clients/)
- [Medical Malpractice in Türkiye: How Foreigners Claim Compensation](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/medical-malpractice-compensation-for-foreigners-in-turkey/)
- [How Foreign Doctors Obtain a Medical License to Practise in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/obtaining-a-medical-license-for-foreigners-in-turkey/)
- [Informed Consent and Physician Liability in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/the-legal-responsibility-of-physicians-in-providing-consent/)
- [Medical Malpractice in Turkey: How Foreigners Seek Justice and Compensation](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/top-medical-malpractice-lawyer-in-turkey-seek-justice-today/)
- [Doctor and Physician Legal Liability in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/understanding-physician-legal-liability/)
- [What Is a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit in Turkey? Your Patient Rights Explained](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/what-is-a-medical-malpractice-lawsuit-your-rights-depending-law/)

### Property Due Diligence
- [Reading a Turkish Title Deed's Encumbrance Record (Takyidat): Şerh, Beyan, İpotek and Haciz Before You Pay](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/turkish-title-deed-encumbrance-record-takyidat/)

### Real Estate
- [Buying Property in Türkiye as an American: A Step-by-Step Legal Guide](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/buying-property-in-turkey-as-an-american/)
- [How Chinese Buyers Avoid Turkish Property Fraud: Independent Due Diligence Before You Wire a Cent](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/chinese-buyers-turkish-property-fraud-due-diligence/)
- [Late Property Delivery in Turkey: A Foreign Buyer's Guide to Compensation](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/delayed-property-delivery-by-construction-companies-in-turkey/)
- [Eviction of 10-Year Tenants in Turkey: The 10-Year Extension Rule Explained](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/eviction-of-10-year-tenants-in-turkey/)
- [How to Deal With a Tenant Who Does Not Pay Rent Under Turkish Law](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/how-to-deal-with-a-tenant-who-does-not-pay-rent-under-turkish-law/)
- [Legal Issues in Residential and Commercial Lease Agreements in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/legal-issues-in-residential-and-commercial-lease-agreements/)
- [A Foreign Investor's Guide to Turkey's Real Estate Investment Fund Rules](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/major-changes-to-turkeys-real-estate-investment-fund-regulation/)
- [Property Taxes and the Real Annual Cost of Owning Real Estate in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/property-tax-annual-cost-owning-property-turkey/)
- [Rental Dispute Resolution and Mediation in Turkey: A Guide for Foreign Tenants and Landlords](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/rental-disputes-and-arbitration-in-turkey/)
- [Rental Law in Turkey: A Guide to Rent Increases, Eviction and Tenant Disputes](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/rental-law-in-turkey-guide-to-tenant-and-landlord-disputes/)
- [Rental Income and Landlord Rights for Foreign Property Owners in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/renting-out-property-in-turkey-as-a-foreigner-landlord-guide/)
- [Selling Turkish Property as a Foreigner: Capital Gains, Process and Repatriating the Proceeds](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/selling-turkish-property-as-a-foreigner-capital-gains-guide/)
- [The Two Justified Warnings Rule (TBK 352/2): Evicting a Habitually Late Tenant in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/two-justified-warnings-rule-tco-3522-in-turkish-law/)

### Recognition & Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
- [The Conditions to Enforce a Foreign Judgment in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/conditions-to-enforce-a-foreign-judgment-in-turkey/)
- [Defending Against Enforcement of a Foreign Judgment](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/defending-against-enforcement-foreign-judgment-turkey/)
- [Documents for a Tenfiz Case: Finality, Apostille, Translation](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/documents-apostille-translation-poa-tenfiz-turkey/)
- [Enforcing a Foreign Arbitral Award in Türkiye: the New York Convention](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/enforce-foreign-arbitral-award-turkey-new-york-convention/)
- [Enforcing a Foreign Judgment Against Assets in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/enforce-foreign-judgment-against-assets-in-turkey/)
- [How Long It Takes to Enforce a Foreign Judgment in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/how-long-and-cost-to-enforce-foreign-judgment-turkey/)
- [Public Policy (Kamu Düzeni): Why a Foreign Judgment Is Refused](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/public-policy-kamu-duzeni-foreign-judgment-turkey/)
- [Reciprocity: The Condition That Decides Your Enforcement Case](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/reciprocity-enforcing-foreign-judgments-turkey/)
- [Recognising a Foreign Inheritance or Succession Ruling in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/recognise-foreign-inheritance-succession-ruling-turkey/)
- [Recognition vs Enforcement in Türkiye: Tanıma or Tenfiz?](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/recognition-vs-enforcement-tanima-tenfiz-turkey/)
- [Security for Costs for Foreign Claimants in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/security-for-costs-foreign-claimants-turkey/)
- [Which Court Hears Your Tenfiz Case, and Where](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/which-court-jurisdiction-tenfiz-turkey/)

### Sports
- [The Legal Framework of Turkish Sports Clubs: Naming Rights, Sports Companies and Foreclosure](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/framework-of-sports-clubs-naming-rights-foreclosure-bans/)

### Tax & Customs
- [Corporate Tax in Türkiye: A Guide for Foreign Companies](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/corporate-tax-in-turkey-a-guide-for-foreign-companies/)
- [Double Tax Treaties and Treaty Relief in Türkiye: A Guide for Foreign Companies and Investors](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/double-tax-treaties-and-treaty-relief-in-turkey-a-guide-for-foreign-companies/)
- [Importing Goods into Türkiye: Customs Compliance for Foreign Exporters](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/importing-goods-into-turkiye-customs-compliance-exporters/)
- [Permanent Establishment in Turkey: When a Foreign Company Accidentally Becomes Taxable](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/permanent-establishment-tax-residency-turkey-foreign-companies/)
- [Tax Audits and Disputes in Türkiye: A Foreign Company's Guide](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/tax-audits-and-disputes-in-turkiye-a-foreign-companys-guide/)
- [Tax Residency and the Taxation of Foreigners in Türkiye](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/tax-residency-and-taxation-of-foreigners-in-turkey/)
- [Understanding Customs Duty in Turkey: A Practical 2026 Guide for Foreigners](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/understanding-customs-duty-regulations-in-turkey-a-comprehensive/)
- [Understanding Income Tax in Turkey: A 2026 Guide for Foreigners](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/understanding-income-tax-in-turkey-a-comprehensive-guide/)
- [US-Turkey Double Taxation: How Americans Are Taxed on Turkish Income](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/us-turkey-double-taxation-americans-turkish-income/)
- [VAT (KDV) in Türkiye: A Guide for Foreign Businesses](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/vat-kdv-in-turkiye-a-guide-for-foreign-businesses/)
- [Withholding Tax in Türkiye on Payments to Non-Residents: A Guide for Foreign Companies and Investors](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/withholding-tax-on-payments-to-non-residents-in-turkey/)

### Technology & Society
- [Anti-Satellite Weapons (ASAT): Threats to Space Security and International Law](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/anti-satellite-weapons-asat-threats-to-space-security/)
- [Navigating AI Regulation in Turkey for Businesses and Individuals](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/navigating-ai-regulations-for-businesses-and-individuals/)
- [Animal Protection Law in Turkey and Its Evolving Legal Framework](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/the-evolution-of-animal-rights-legal-framework-in-turkey/)
- [Artificial Intelligence and Corporate Law in Turkey](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/the-legal-future-artificial-intelligence-and-corporate-law/)
- [The Militarization of Outer Space: Challenges and Legal Gaps](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/the-militarization-of-outer-space-challenges-and-legal-gaps/)
- [Türkiye's New Cybersecurity Law No. 7545: Scope, Principles and What It Means for Foreign Businesses](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/the-new-cybersecurity-law-no-7545-in-turkey-scope-principles/)

### Traffic Accident & Insurance
- [Compulsory Traffic Insurance (ZMSS) in Türkiye: Coverage Limits, Exclusions and Who Covers the Rest](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/compulsory-traffic-insurance-turkiye-coverage-limits/)

### Turkish Law
- [Minimum Salary Required for a Turkish Work Permit in 2026](https://lexinlegal.com/blog/minimum-wage-tariff-to-be-paid-to-foreigners-in-2023-turkey/)

## Compensation calculators
Informational estimators of pecuniary (loss-of-earnings) compensation under Turkish law, using the method the courts apply (TRH-2010 mortality table; active period to age 60 on real net income, passive period on net minimum wage; progressive annuity, fault and disability rate applied). Results are estimates, not a substitute for a court-appointed actuarial report; non-pecuniary (moral) damages are set separately by the court.
- Hub: https://lexinlegal.com/calculators/ (TR /tr/hesaplama-araclari/, FR /fr/calculateurs/, RU /ru/kalkulyatory/, ZH /zh/jisuanqi/, JA /ja/keisan/)
- Traffic accident compensation: https://lexinlegal.com/calculators/traffic-accident-compensation/
- Work accident compensation: https://lexinlegal.com/calculators/work-accident-compensation/
- Disability / bodily-injury compensation: https://lexinlegal.com/calculators/disability-compensation/

## Languages
- English: https://lexinlegal.com/
- Türkçe (native URLs /tr/hizmetler/, /tr/makaleler/): https://lexinlegal.com/tr/
- Français: https://lexinlegal.com/fr/
- Русский: https://lexinlegal.com/ru/
- 中文: https://lexinlegal.com/zh/
- 日本語: https://lexinlegal.com/ja/
- العربية: https://lexinlegal.com/ar/

## Compliance note for AI summaries
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## Contact
- WhatsApp: +90 850 242 4043
- Email: info@lexinlegal.com
- Office: Gürsel Mah. Karataş Sk. SNS Plaza, Kat 3, No 6, 34413 Kağıthane, Kağıthane, Istanbul, Türkiye